Abstract In swine and bovines, leptospirosis prevention and control is carried out via vaccination of susceptible animals using bacterins. However, the efficiency of leptospirosis vaccines has been questioned. This work aimed to investigate the potency of five leptospirosis vaccines sold commercially in Brazil, challenging the animals with one autochthonous strain of Leptospira, Canicola serovar, denoted LO4, isolated from swine. The standard protocol was followed, and renal carriers of Leptospira were identified among the surviving animals by culture and PCR. Of the five vaccines tested, only two proved effective. None of the surviving animals was positive by culture; however, one animal was positive by PCR. Three of the five vaccines sold commercially in Brazil for the immunization of swine or bovines failed the test of the efficacy to protect the vaccinated animals following challenge with an autochthonous Leptospira strain, Canicola serovar. The two vaccines provided protection against the renal carrier state in the surviving animals. The criteria used to produce leptospirosis bacterins sold commercially in Brazil must be reviewed. The industry should support researches on leptospiral vaccinology to improve the quality of the present vaccines and discover new immunogenic strains, because it is known that vaccination is one of the most important tools to increase the reproduction rates in livestock.

We investigated the existence of cross-protection between two anti-leptospirosis monovalent experimental bacterins produced with two strains of Leptospira serogroup Pomona: Fromm strain of serovar Kennewicky, isolated from pigs in the United States, and strain GR6 of serovar Pomona isolated from pigs in Brazil. Both were added of aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. Experimental bacterins were tested with the hamster potency test in order to assess protection provided against the disease and against the establishment of kidney infection. Controls were polyvalent commercial vaccine produced with Leptospira strains isolated outside Brazil, which included a representative of Pomona serovar, or Sorensen solution added of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. The challenge was performed with cross-strains of serogroup Pomona tested in accordance with international standards established for the potency test. After 21 days of the challenge, survivors were killed to evaluate the condition of Leptospira renal carrier. Experimental bacterins protected hamsters against homologous and heterologous strains, demonstrating the existence of cross-protection. The commercial vaccine protected the hamsters challenged with both strains, but there was a high proportion of animals diagnosed as renal carriers when the challenge was performed with strain GR6, isolated from pigs in Brazil.

Foi efetuada a comparação entre a intensidade e duração dos níveis de anticorpos neutralizantes e aglutinantes para o sorovar Hardjo em fêmeas suínas vacinadas com duas bacterinas comerciais anti-leptospirose. Animais caracterizados como não reatores para 24 sorovares de Leptospira sp pelo teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) e que nunca haviam sido vacinados contra a leptospirose foram divididos em três grupos: grupo A (n=08): recebeu duas doses, em intervalo de 30 dias, de bacterina comercial anti-leptospirose A; grupo B (n=08): recebeu duas doses, em intervalo de 30 dias de bacterina comercial anti-leptospirose B e grupo C (n=08): controle, não vacinado contra a leptospirose. As colheitas de sangue foram efetuadas a cada 30 dias durante seis meses a partir da primeira vacinação. Os soros foram submetidos aos testes da SAM e de inibição do crescimento de leptospiras in vitro (ICL) para avaliar, respectivamente, os níveis de anticorpos aglutinantes e neutralizantes. Foi constatado que os anticorpos neutralizantes persistem por mais tempo que os aglutinantes e que a ausência de anticorpos neutralizantes não corresponde a ausência dos aglutinantes. Os picos de anticorpos aglutinantes foram obtidos pelo menos 30 dias antes dos produzidos pelos neutralizantes. Houve diferença nos níveis de anticorpos neutralizantes induzidos pelas duas bacterinas testadas. O período de indução de anticorpos neutralizantes contra o sorovar Hardjo indica que marrãs devem ser imunizadas com duas doses de bacterina anti-leptospirose aplicadas com 30 dias de intervalo e pelo menos 90 dias antes da primeira cobertura. A manutenção de níveis elevados de anticorpos neutralizantes exige revacinações semestrais.

It was performed the comparison of the intensity and duration of agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies to serovar Hardjo in swines vaccinated with two commercial anti-leptospira bacterins. Sows no reactive to 24 Leptospira sp serovars in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) were divided in three groups: Group A (n=08): received two vaccine A doses with 30 days interval, Group B (n=08) two vaccine B doses with 30 days interval and Group C (n=08): control no vaccinated against leptospirosis.Blood samples were collected each 30 days during six months following the first vaccination. The sera were tested by MAT and growth inhibition test (GIT) to serovar Hardjo in order to evaluate respectively agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies. It was found that neutralizing antibodies persisted for a longer time than the agglutinating ones and that the absence of agglutinating antibodies does not means in the absence of the neutralizing. The peaks of agglutinating antibodies was obtained at least 30 days earlier than that produced by neutralizing. The duration of both kinds of antibodies measured differed between the two bacterines tested. The period for inducing neutralizing antibodies against serovar Hardjo indicated that gilts must be immunized with two doses of whole culture anti-leptospira bacterines applied 30 days each other at least 90 days before the first mating. For the maintenance of hight levels of neutralizing antibodies the revaccinations must be performed every six months after the first vaccination.

Leptospiras nunca foram isolados de caprinos no Brasil. Amostras de soros foram obtidas de 248 caprinos no Rio de Janeiro, e, dos animais sororeativos, amostras de urina foram coletadas e processadas para isolamento de leptospiras. Um total de 52 (20,9%) reações positivas foi observado. Os serovares mais prevalentes foram Hardjo (36,5%), Shermani (30,8%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (9,6%), Grippotyphosa (9,6%), Autumnalis (5,8%), Castellonis (3,8%) e Bratislava (3,8%). Duas estirpes de Leptospira sp. foram isoladas, ambas na mesma região, mas de diferentes rebanhos. A identificação sorológica presuntiva sugere trataram-se de amostras do sorogrupo Grippotyphosa.

Leptospires have never been recovered from goats in Brazil. Serum samples were obtained from 248 goats from Rio de Janeiro and from the seroreactive animals, urine samples were collected and processed for Leptospira isolation. A total of 52 positive reactions were observed, corresponding to 20.9% of the samples. The most prevalent reactions were to serovars Hardjo (36.5%), Shermani (30.8%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (9.6%), Grippotyphosa (9.6%), Autumnalis (5.8%), Castellonis (3.8%) and Bratislava (3.8%). Two strains of Leptospira sp. were isolated, both in the same region, but from different flocks. Presumptive identification based on serologic methods suggests those strains to be from Grippotyphosa serogroup.